Quick Processor comparison

Lots of marketing, but here is Intel's list: http://www.intel.com/consumer/learn/processors/index.htm?iid=gg_play+learn_processors

Lots of marketing, but here is AMD's list: http://www.amd.com/us/products/Pages/processors.aspx

AMD Desktop Processor comparison: a spreadsheet copied from AMD

AMD Laptop Processor comparison (not so great) http://products.amd.com/en-us/NotebookCPUResult.aspx

Intel Atom: Decent article: http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/intel-atom-cpu,1947.html

Basics:

AMD
Desktop Laptop
FX series high end 4-8 core emphasize power, not graphics    
A Series higher end 2-4 core with integrated Graphics Card A series  
E series low end dual core with integrated Graphics card E series  
Phenom Built multi-core from ground up Turion Built for thin laptops; some multi (II or X2 is multi)
Athlon Became multi-core; good power use (II or X2 is multi) Athlon Became multi-core (II or X2 is multi)
Sempron Low end single core Sempron Low end single core
Intel
Desktop Laptop
i7 Extreme Gaming use 6 core and allows overclocking i7 Extreme  
4th gen of i3, i5, i7 integrated graphics and slight battery usage improvements; runs hotter and not as good for overclocking 4th gen of i3, i5, i7  
Core i7 all quad core; use HT to appear as eight core. support triple-channel DDR3 memory; turbo mode (can overclock automatically when some cores unused) Centrino Seems to be a marketing package. (Centrino - Intel Core Solo or Pentium M with certain chipset and networking; Centrino Duo - Intel Core Duo or Core 2 Duo)
Core i5 turbo mode;    
Core2 has duo, quad, extreme (built multi-core; good power use) Core 2 has duo, quad, extreme (built multi-core; good power use)
Pentium became multi-core, but not very well (has 1-4 and dual) Pentium became multi-core, but not very well (has 1-4 and dual)
Celeron Low end single core Celeron Low end single core
       

Netbooks:

Atom Pros

The price: $29 for an Atom 230
Low power consumption
HyperThreading, a good feature on this processor
Cons

Weak overall performance
The chipsets
Very poor 3D performances
A mismatched platform

(this is from http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/intel-atom-cpu,1947-11.html)