1	Infant Immunization Group # 5 Nur-255
2	Outline Health Indicator Immunization of Infants (4weeks-1y/o) Objective: to increase the numbers of infants who are being immunized Importance and impact on society: risks of not immunizing, recent debates What has been done in the past What is currently being done What could be done to overcome the problem
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4	What is an immunization. Primary Vaccination Immunization -also called needles -help save lives -prevent serious illnesses -most effective health intervention 14 serious disease -Diphtheria -Hepatitis A -Hepatitis B -Influenza -Measles -Mumps -Pertussis (Whooping cough) -Pneumococcal disease -Polio -Rubella (German measles) -Tetanus (Lockjaw) -Rotavirus -Varic ella (Chickenpox)
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6	Types of Acquired Immunity
7	Immunity of Infant Benefits of Breastfeeding “Breastfeeding is a baby's first immunization.” Breastfeeding should not be considered a substitute for immunization Some components of mother’s milk may induce an infant's immune system to mature more quickly than it would were the child fed artificially After vaccination, breastfed babies will produce higher antibody titers to several common vaccinations in comparison to formula fed babies (Hahn-Zoric, M., 1990). Exclusive breastfeeding reduce risk of allergic diseases, such as eczema (19.4%), allergic rhinitis (22.6%), wheezing (12.7%) (Ehlayer ,M.S.,2008), and childhood asthma (15.6%) (Bener, A.,2007)
8	Table 1: Any and Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates by Age
9	National Immunization Survey Regarding Breastfeeding Practices (2003) Six states have achieved all of the Healthy People 2010 objectives on breastfeeding. These states are Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, and Washington. Only Oregon has achieved an exclusive breastfeeding rate above 25% at 6 months. Consistent with previous research, the NIS breastfeeding data reveal that non-Hispanic blacks and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups have consistently lower breastfeeding rates.
10	Risk of not Vaccinating Side Effects of Vaccination Absence of immunization causes many horrible diseases. Lack of vaccine increases economical hardships for families and for the society. Decreases quality of life patients have to miss school, work, suffer pain and discomfort. Side effects may include pain at the injection site, rash, and mild fever. In very rare cases side effects may include allergic reactions, seizures, and coma. The medical professional have tried to educate parents in benefits of vaccination.
11	Recent Immunization Debate Controversy regarding the once widely used mercury-containing preservative thimerosal History of how Mercury was introduced into vaccines Thimerosal, the most promising agent after WWI Safety Issues Mercury Autism Debate Public Scientism Government Response to public’s concerns
12	Impact of Immunization on Infants in Our Society Health Status Measured by birth and death rates, life expectancy, morbidity from certain diseases, accessibility to health care and health insurance Policy on the Admission of Infants into Day Care Centers Interview of Day Care Center Managers and Pediatricians revealed that children without immunization records can’t be accepted into school and daycare centers Rates and Numbers: Childhood/Infant Immunization Coverage rates Childhood/Infant Immunization Coverage rates are above 90% in the US Adolescent and Adults are under 70% => in the US a financing system and infrastructure exists for childhood immunization. Same infrastructure doesn’t exist for adolescent and adults
13	The reasons why parents (people) don’t want their children to have immunization The reasons for refused to vaccinate are: __ Lack of information __ Misinterpretation of available information __ Doubts about their safety __ Disbelieve in their effectiveness (Fly) __ Side/adverse effects (Autism) Its important for everyone to understand that development of healthy life with a strong immune System begin from early age (infant) !!!
14	What has been done for this group United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)-save, protect and improve the lives of children around the world through immunization Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) program work to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with vaccine preventable diseases Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI Alliance) increase children’s access to vaccines in poor countries Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) reach children who are missed in routine immunization AFIX (Assessment Feedback Incentives eXchange) improve vaccination rates by raising immunization coverage levels and improve standards of practices at the provider level Electronic Immunization Reminder Service mail message to parents regarding which immunization are recommended for children Public clinics that provide free immunization
15	United State of America 2005
16	UNICEF and WHO conduct an annual review of national or territorial immunization reports to determine the most accurate levels of coverage 2005
17	The data shown in this section reflect reported coverage s and give an indication of district-level performance. The data are reported through the annual WHO/UNICEF joint
18	What can be done to improve immunization of children ? Educate the parents -Brochures in different languages, explaining the importance and due dates -Health Care Professionals can teach parents about: vaccine safety, proper handling of side effects and how to keeping track of vaccinations WIC (Women, Infants and Children) – program for low income mothers that requires immunization records to be eligible for food coupons. -Can provide free medical facility centers to make necessary immunizations Health Care Coverage. -Newly arriving immigrants should be given applications to apply for insurance right when they arrive to U.S. and at offices such as:S.S.
19	What can be done to improve immunization of children ? Needles free vaccination -decreases pain &discomfort -decreases risk of contamination, waste disposal product -“Intercell USA” uses a patch, it’s moving toward FDA approval; it can be mailed and self applied on a skin. -Dr. David Edwards at Harvard University is working on Nanoparticle Aerosols, vaccines that can be inhaled.
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