4.6 Local Binding

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▼ | 4 | Expressions and Definitions

4.1 | Notation
4.2 | Identifiers and Binding
4.3 | Function Calls (Procedure Applications)
4.4 | Functions (Procedures): lambda
4.5 | Definitions: define
4.6 | Local Binding
4.7 | Conditionals
4.8 | Sequencing
4.9 | Assignment: set!
4.10 | Quoting: quote and ’
4.11 | Quasiquoting: quasiquote and `
4.12 | Simple Dispatch: case
4.13 | Dynamic Binding: parameterize

► | 4.6 | Local Binding

4.6.1 | Parallel Binding: let
4.6.2 | Sequential Binding: let*
4.6.3 | Recursive Binding: letrec
4.6.4 | Named let
4.6.5 | Multiple Values: let-values, let*-values, letrec-values

On this page:

4.6.1`` Parallel Binding: let
4.6.2`` Sequential Binding: let*
4.6.3`` Recursive Binding: letrec
4.6.4`` Named let
4.6.5`` Multiple Values: let-values, let*-values, letrec-values

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#### 4.6`` Local Binding

Although internal defines can be used for local binding, Racket provides three forms that give the programmer more control over bindings: let, let*, and letrec.

##### 4.6.1`` Parallel Binding: let

> > > Local Binding: let, let*, letrec, ... in Reference: Racket also documents let.

A let form binds a set of identifiers, each to the result of some expression, for use in the let body:

> ( let ([id expr] ...) body ...+)

The ids are bound “in parallel.” That is, no id is bound in the right-hand side expr for any id, but all are available in the body. The ids must be different from each other.

Examples:

> ( let ([me "Bob"])
me)

"Bob"

> ( let ([me "Bob"]
[myself "Robert"]
[I "Bobby"])
( list me myself I))

'("Bob" "Robert" "Bobby")

> ( let ([me "Bob"]
[me "Robert"])
me)

eval:3:0: let: duplicate identifier at: me in: (let ((me
"Bob") (me "Robert")) me)

The fact that an id’s expr does not see its own binding is often useful for wrappers that must refer back to the old value:

> ( let ([+ ( lambda (x y)
( if ( string? x)
( string-append x y)
(+ x y)))]) ; use original +
( list (+ 1 2)
(+ "see" "saw")))

'(3 "seesaw")

Occasionally, the parallel nature of let bindings is convenient for swapping or rearranging a set of bindings:

> ( let ([me "Tarzan"]
[you "Jane"])
( let ([me you]
[you me])
( list me you)))

'("Jane" "Tarzan")

The characterization of let bindings as “parallel” is not meant to imply concurrent evaluation. The exprs are evaluated in order, even though the bindings are delayed until all exprs are evaluated.

##### 4.6.2`` Sequential Binding: let*

> > > Local Binding: let, let*, letrec, ... in Reference: Racket also documents let*.

The syntax of let* is the same as let:

> ( let* ([id expr] ...) body ...+)

The difference is that each id is available for use in later exprs, as well as in the body. Furthermore, the ids need not be distinct, and the most recent binding is the visible one.

Examples:

> ( let* ([x ( list "Borroughs")]
[y ( cons "Rice" x)]
[z ( cons "Edgar" y)])
( list x y z))

'(("Borroughs") ("Rice" "Borroughs") ("Edgar" "Rice" "Borroughs"))

> ( let* ([name ( list "Borroughs")]
[name ( cons "Rice" name)]
[name ( cons "Edgar" name)])
name)

'("Edgar" "Rice" "Borroughs")

In other words, a let* form is equivalent to nested let forms, each with a single binding:

> ( let ([name ( list "Borroughs")])
( let ([name ( cons "Rice" name)])
( let ([name ( cons "Edgar" name)])
name)))

'("Edgar" "Rice" "Borroughs")

##### 4.6.3`` Recursive Binding: letrec

> > > Local Binding: let, let*, letrec, ... in Reference: Racket also documents letrec.

The syntax of letrec is also the same as let:

> ( letrec ([id expr] ...) body ...+)

While let makes its bindings available only in the bodys, and let* makes its bindings available to any later binding expr, letrec makes its bindings available to all other exprs – even earlier ones. In other words, letrec bindings are recursive.

The exprs in a letrec form are most often lambda forms for recursive and mutually recursive functions:

> ( letrec ([swing
( lambda (t)
( if ( eq? ( car t) 'tarzan)
( cons 'vine
( cons 'tarzan ( cddr t)))
( cons ( car t)
(swing ( cdr t)))))])
(swing '(vine tarzan vine vine)))

'(vine vine tarzan vine)

> ( letrec ([tarzan-in-tree?
( lambda (name path)
( or ( equal? name "tarzan")
( and ( directory-exists? path)
(tarzan-in-directory? path))))]
[tarzan-in-directory?
( lambda (dir)
( ormap ( lambda (elem)
(tarzan-in-tree? ( path-element->string elem)
( build-path dir elem)))
( directory-list dir)))])
(tarzan-in-tree? "tmp" ( find-system-path 'temp-dir)))

#f

While the exprs of a letrec form are typically lambda expressions, they can be any expression. The expressions are evaluated in order, and after each value is obtained, it is immediately associated with its corresponding id. If an id is referenced before its value is ready, the result is #<undefined>, as just as for internal definitions.

> ( letrec ([quicksand quicksand])
quicksand)

#<undefined>

##### 4.6.4`` Named let

A named let is an iteration and recursion form. It uses the same syntactic keyword let as for local binding, but an identifier after the let (instead of an immediate open parenthesis) triggers a different parsing.

> ( let _proc-id ([_arg-id _init-expr] ...)
> _body ...+)

A named let form is equivalent to

( letrec ([proc-id ( lambda (arg-id ...)
body ...+)])
(proc-id init-expr ...))

That is, a named let binds a function identifier that is visible only in the function’s body, and it implicitly calls the function with the values of some initial expressions.

Examples:

( define (duplicate pos lst)
( let dup ([i 0]
[lst lst])
( cond
[(= i pos) ( cons ( car lst) lst)]
[ else ( cons ( car lst) (dup (+ i 1) ( cdr lst)))])))

> (duplicate 1 ( list "apple" "cheese burger!" "banana"))
'("apple" "cheese burger!" "cheese burger!" "banana")

##### 4.6.5`` Multiple Values: let-values, let*-values, letrec-values

> > > Local Binding: let, let*, letrec, ... in Reference: Racket also documents multiple-value binding forms.

In the same way that define-values binds multiple results in a definition (see Multiple Values and define-values), let-values, let*-values, and letrec-values bind multiple results locally.

> ( let-values ([(id ...) expr] ...)
> body ...+)

> ( let*-values ([(id ...) expr] ...)
> body ...+)

> ( letrec-values ([(id ...) expr] ...)
> body ...+)

Each expr must produce as many values as corresponding ids. The binding rules are the same for the forms without -values forms: the ids of let-values are bound only in the bodys, the ids of let*-valuess are bound in exprs of later clauses, and the ids of letrec-values are bound for all exprs.

Example:

> ( let-values ([(q r) ( quotient/remainder 14 3)])
( list q r))

'(4 2)

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