4.13 Dynamic Binding: parameterize

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▼ | 4 | Expressions and Definitions

4.1 | Notation
4.2 | Identifiers and Binding
4.3 | Function Calls (Procedure Applications)
4.4 | Functions (Procedures): lambda
4.5 | Definitions: define
4.6 | Local Binding
4.7 | Conditionals
4.8 | Sequencing
4.9 | Assignment: set!
4.10 | Quoting: quote and ’
4.11 | Quasiquoting: quasiquote and `
4.12 | Simple Dispatch: case
4.13 | Dynamic Binding: parameterize

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#### 4.13`` Dynamic Binding: parameterize

> > > Parameters in Reference: Racket also documents parameterize.

The parameterize form associates a new value with a parameter during the evaluation of body expressions:

> ( parameterize ([parameter-expr value-expr] ...)
> body ...+)

> > > The term “parameter” is sometimes used to refer to the arguments of a function, but “parameter” in Racket has the more specific meaning described here.

For example, the error-print-width parameter controls how many characters of a value are printed in an error message:

> ( parameterize ([ error-print-width 5])
( car ( expt 10 1024)))

car: expects argument of type <pair>; given 10...

> ( parameterize ([ error-print-width 10])
( car ( expt 10 1024)))

car: expects argument of type <pair>; given 1000000...

More generally, parameters implement a kind of dynamic binding. The make-parameter function takes any value and returns a new parameter that is initialized to the given value. Applying the parameter as a function returns its current value:

> ( define location ( make-parameter "here"))
> (location)
"here"

In a parameterize form, each parameter-expr must produce a parameter. During the evaluation of the bodys, each specified parameter is given the result of the corresponding value-expr. When control leaves the parameterize form – either through a normal return, an exception, or some other escape – the parameter reverts to its earlier value:

> ( parameterize ([location "there"])
(location))

"there"
> (location)
"here"

> ( parameterize ([location "in a house"])
( list (location)
( parameterize ([location "with a mouse"])
(location))
(location)))

'("in a house" "with a mouse" "in a house")

> ( parameterize ([location "in a box"])
( car (location)))

car: expects argument of type <pair>; given "in a box"
> (location)
"here"

The parameterize form is not a binding form like let; each use of location above refers directly to the original definition. A parameterize form adjusts the value of a parameter during the whole time that the parameterize body is evaluated, even for uses of the parameter that are textually outside of the parameterize body:

> ( define (would-you-could-you?)
( and ( not ( equal? (location) "here"))
( not ( equal? (location) "there"))))

> (would-you-could-you?)
#f

> ( parameterize ([location "on a bus"])
(would-you-could-you?))

#t

If a use of a parameter is textually inside the body of a parameterize but not evaluated before the parameterize form produces a value, then the use does not see the value installed by the parameterize form:

> ( let ([get ( parameterize ([location "with a fox"])
( lambda () (location)))])
(get))

"here"

The current binding of a parameter can be adjusted imperatively by calling the parameter as a function with a value. If a parameterize has adjusted the value of the parameter, then directly applying the parameter procedure affects only the value associated with the active parameterize:

> ( define (try-again! where)
(location where))

> (location)
"here"

> ( parameterize ([location "on a train"])
( list (location)
( begin (try-again! "in a boat")
(location))))

'("on a train" "in a boat")
> (location)
"here"

Using parameterize is generally preferable to updating a parameter value imperatively – for much the same reasons that binding a fresh variable with let is preferable to using set! (see Assignment: set!).

It may seem that variables and set! can solve many of the same problems that parameters solve. For example, lokation could be defined as a string, and set! could be used to adjust its value:

> ( define lokation "here")

> ( define (would-ya-could-ya?)
( and ( not ( equal? lokation "here"))
( not ( equal? lokation "there"))))

> ( set! location "on a bus")
> (would-ya-could-ya?)
#f

Parameters, however, offer several crucial advantages over set!:

- The parameterize form helps automatically reset the value of a parameter when control escapes due to an exception. Adding exception handlers and other forms to rewind a set! is relatively tedious.

- Parameters work nicely with tail calls (see Tail Recursion). The last body in a parameterize form is in tail position with respect to the parameterize form.

- Parameters work properly with threads (see Threads). The parameterize form adjusts the value of a parameter only for evaluation in the current thread, which avoids race conditions with other threads.

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