Vocabulary of Minimal Scheme

Outline


Functions, Operators, and Programs

I use the words "function", "operator", and "program" almost interchangeably. All three words mean "something that takes in some information, does some computation, and produces some information as a result".

The word "operator" tends to be used for built-in arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, square root, and comparison. The word "program" tends to be used for functions you or I have defined. The word "function" applies equally to both. Don't worry too much about this distinction.

For example, consider the familiar arithmetic operators "+", "-", etc. from grade school: in the algebraic expression 3 + 4, the operator "+" operates on the two pieces of information "3" and "4" and produces the result "7".

Arithmetic operators

Examples:

Predefined numeric constants
The define keyword

The define keyword is used in two common ways: defining variables and defining functions.

Boolean operators

Examples:

(or (<= price 10.00) (eq? my-symbol 'bluebird))
Legal. This determines whether price is less than or equal to 10.00; if so, it returns true. If not, it then tests whether my-symbol is the symbol 'bluebird; if so, it returns true, otherwise false.
(or 3 4)
Illegal because or works on booleans, not numbers
(< true false)
Illegal because < works on numbers, not booleans
(+ 3 (< 4 5))
The first step of simplification turns this into (+ 3 true), because the value of (< 4 5) is true. The second step fails because + only works on numbers, not on a number and a boolean.
Conditionals

Scheme contains several conditional constructs, but the only one we need in this course is cond.

Defining structures

The define-struct keyword allows you to add new aggregate data types to the language.

Graphics

Note: to use any of these, you need to load the draw teachpack.

Examples: Picture of result

Lists

Examples:

(cons 'bluebird empty)
returns exactly the same thing
(define bird-list (cons 'bluebird (cons 'mallard (cons 'crow empty)))
returns nothing, but defines bird-list to be a list of three symbols.
bird-list
returns (cons 'bluebird (cons 'mallard (cons 'crow empty)))
(first bird-list)
returns 'bluebird
(rest bird-list)
returns (cons 'mallard (cons 'crow empty))
(first (rest bird-list))
returns 'mallard
(empty? bird-list)
returns false
(cons? bird-list)
returns true
(empty? (rest (rest (rest bird-list))))
returns true

Last modified: Wed Jun 13 11:26:59 EDT 2001
Stephen Bloch / sbloch@adelphi.edu